{"id":318,"date":"2020-01-29T10:36:43","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T14:36:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/newsletters.asucollegeoflaw.com\/irls\/?p=318"},"modified":"2020-01-29T10:39:24","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T14:39:24","slug":"chile-the-risks-of-a-new-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/newsletters.asucollegeoflaw.com\/irls\/2020\/01\/29\/chile-the-risks-of-a-new-constitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Chile: The Risks of a New Constitution"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"318\" class=\"elementor elementor-318\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e55f1df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e55f1df\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-864cdc6\" data-id=\"864cdc6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756ad42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756ad42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pedro Pizano<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>Pedro is the Northwestern-McCain Public Interest Legal Fellow at the McCain Institute for International Leadership.<\/em><\/p><p><em>\u201c. . . it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair . . .\u201d \u2013 Charles Dickens<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6771918 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6771918\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ea0708\" data-id=\"4ea0708\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baac172 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"baac172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"510\" src=\"http:\/\/newsletters.asucollegeoflaw.com\/irls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/01\/juan-manuel-nunez-mendez-hIkykUrSk9E-unsplash-768x510.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/newsletters.asucollegeoflaw.com\/irls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/01\/juan-manuel-nunez-mendez-hIkykUrSk9E-unsplash-768x510.jpg 768w, http:\/\/newsletters.asucollegeoflaw.com\/irls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/01\/juan-manuel-nunez-mendez-hIkykUrSk9E-unsplash-300x199.jpg 300w, http:\/\/newsletters.asucollegeoflaw.com\/irls\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/01\/juan-manuel-nunez-mendez-hIkykUrSk9E-unsplash-1024x680.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Demonstrations in Chile. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d67fbd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d67fbd3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c92fb74\" data-id=\"c92fb74\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20cbba7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20cbba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>As Chile gears up for a national referendum on April 26, 2020, much ink will be spilled on whether it is wise for a country to re-write its constitution.<\/p><p>The outcome and processes with which it is done will be a harbinger of things to come. Some have said that \u201cthe discussion of liberty in the region will never be the same again.\u201d Others have celebrated it, or at least understood it, as the obvious consequence (in hindsight) of a bloated pensions regime, soaring inequality, growing middle class, and a history that never rests.<\/p><p>Here are some thoughts, having lived in Colombia\u2014which had the second-oldest constitution in the region until it rewrote it completely in five months in 1991\u2014and currently living in the U.S.\u2014which has never re-written its constitution but only amended it, and just 27 times.<\/p><p>Here are some facts, as I understand them:<\/p><ul><li>Chile\u2019s current constitution is forever tainted with Pinochet\u2019s bloody rule. It was approved in 1980, with Pinochet in power; it was what allowed him to be named senator for life.<\/li><li>Thanks in part to that constitution, and Pinochet\u2019s ouster, Chile has become\u2014arguably\u2014\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/latin-americas-oasis-descends-into-chaos-11577905470\">the freest, safest, and most prosperous state<\/a>\u00a0in Latin America.<\/li><li>Pinochet\u2019s ouster was through a national referendum\u2014same process with which the constitution will be re-written.<\/li><li>Chile\u2019s pension regime may be bloated and unsustainable; it was first put into place three months after the 1980 constitutional referendum.<\/li><li>Its growing middle class has not seen the benefits that the 1%\u2014which include the current president, a billionaire\u2014have received.<\/li><li>Chile\u2019s current constitution is still perceived as that of an exclusionary, conservative state that must be updated.<\/li><li>Current protests, putting aside their intent or reasonableness, have allegedly caused 1.4 billion US dollars in damages.<\/li><li>Constitutional conventions, whether mixed or representative\u2014the two options also on the ballot in the April 26, 2020 referendum\u2014are dangerous and also full of promise.<\/li><li>One hundred one days out from the referendum, 67% of Chileans support re-writing the constitution.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Here\u2019s the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Chile_2015.pdf?lang=en\">text in English of the Chilean constitution<\/a>\u00a0as of 2015. There seem to be three major changes sought, none of which requires a new constitution. The first is the subsidiarity of the state; the second is its connection with Pinochet; and the third is about the scope of some rights.<\/p><p>The argument in respect to subsidiarity, which does not appear in Article 19 of the Constitution or anywhere else, is that Chile\u2019s state is just a subsidiary to the economy, property, health, education, pensions, and social security. This allegedly means that the state only \u201cguarantees\u201d or \u201csupervises\u201d these rights\u2014language which does appear in the Constitution\u2014but cannot intercede or regulate them to the extent that the supporters of a new constitution want it to. The argument for its connection to Pinochet is that Pinochet\u2019s constitution is forever tainted, regardless of the amendments of 1989 and 2005, and also in 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2017 (some count these amendments as totaling 30, 43, 50, 140, or 200). Furthermore, it is still signed by former socialist President Ricardo Lagos, who led one of the pushes for 58 amendments and who was the one who ousted Pinochet. Lagos even removed Pinochet\u2019s signature from the document. Lastly, the argument about the scope of rights is that it does not protect government employees\u2019 right to strike, indigenous rights, the legislature\u2019s co-equal powers, and legislative quorums. All of these can be addressed by amendments, rather than re-writing the whole text.<\/p><p>Nevertheless, the vote to rewrite the Constitution\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/11\/18\/opinion\/chile-protests.html\">from scratch<\/a>\u00a0is set for April 26, 2020. A supermajority of Chileans support starting the process to re-write the Constitution (two other subsequent referendums are envisaged: to elect the members of the constitutional convention and to approve the final text). Yet, even if approved, few things will change:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bostonreview.net\/law-justice\/samuel-moyn-resisting-juristocracy\">juristocracy<\/a>\u00a0is seldom a force for real reform. The risks however, are huge. Take it from us in Colombia: no person is wise enough to consider all possible future controversies, nor should any person or group of persons be given that responsibility or that right. (Which is, of course, the claim against the prior Constitution). Remember that, on average,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/latintrade.com\/2008\/10\/06\/latin-america-constitution-crazy\/?v=7516fd43adaa\">no other region in the world<\/a>\u00a0has had more constitutions than Latin America.<\/p><p>One must know when it is time for radical change and when it is time for incremental change. More often than not, the latter triumphs in the long run. In Chile, it may be \u201cthe best of times, it [may be] the worst of times.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pedro Pizano.\u00a0Pedro is the Northwestern-McCain Public Interest Legal Fellow at the McCain Institute for International Leadership. \u201c. . . it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair . . .\u201d \u2013 Charles Dickens Demonstrations in Chile. As Chile gears up for a national referendum on April 26, 2020, much ink will [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-irls","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chile: The Risks of a New Constitution - International Rule of Law and Security Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/newsletters.asucollegeoflaw.com\/irls\/2020\/01\/29\/chile-the-risks-of-a-new-constitution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chile: The Risks of a New Constitution - International Rule of Law and Security Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pedro Pizano.\u00a0Pedro is the Northwestern-McCain Public Interest Legal Fellow at the McCain Institute for International Leadership. \u201c. . . it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair . . .\u201d \u2013 Charles Dickens Demonstrations in Chile. 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